Canadian Commercial Pilot Groundschool Manual
Table of Contents
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS
Completion Requirements
Examination Administration
Night Rating
VFR Over-the-Top Rating
Commercial Pilot Licence
Multi-crew Pilot Licence-Aeroplane
Instrument Rating
Multi-engine Class Rating
Seaplane Class Rating
Airline Transport Pilot Licence
Type Ratings
Pilot Personal Logs
Recency Requirements
Five-year Recency
Recurrent Training Program
Medical Certificate
QUESTIONS
Answers
AIRFRAMES, ENGINES AND SYSTEMS—PART I
Review
Definitions
Load and Load Factors
Normal and Utility Categories
Manoeuvring Speed and Gust Loads
Logbooks and Inspections
Certificates of Airworthiness
Non-airworthiness
Airworthiness Directives
Service Bulletins
Pilot Operating Handbooks
Maintenance Release
Elementary Work—Private Aircraft
Elementary Work and Servicing—Commercial Aircraft
QUESTIONS
Answers
AIRFRAMES, ENGINES AND SYSTEMS—PART II
Power
Piston Engine Types and Characteristics
Parts of an Engine
Four Strokes of an Engine
Timing
Cooling
Oil
Oil Dilution
Fuel
Pilot Mixture Contro
Fuel Systems
Special Fuel Considerations
Carburettor Icing
Superchargers and Turbochargers
Ignition
Electrical Power
Propellers
Turbine Engines
Turbofans
Turboprops
Compressor Stalls
Auxiliary Power Units
Pressurization
QUESTIONS
Answers
AERODYNAMICS AND THEORY OF FLIGHT
Forces of Flight
Generating Lift
Airfoils
Angle of Attack
Parasitic Drag
Induced drag
Ground Effect
Boundary Layer
Stalls
Factors that affect the Stall
Spins
Lift and Drag Concepts
Wing Design
Spoilers and Speed Brakes
Stability
Dutch Roll
Forces during Takeoff
Critical Engine
High-speed Flight
Compressibility
Transonic Flight
QUESTIONS
Answers
CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS
Organization
Airports
Runways and Taxiways
The Circuit
Mandatory Frequency Airports
Control Zone Airports
ATC Clearances and Instructions
Airspace Classification
Northern and Southern Domestic Airspace
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
Class F
Class G
VHF and LF Airways
Airport Airspace
VFR Weather Minimum
Special VFR
VFR Over-the-Top
Cruising Altitudes
Altimeter Setting Rules
VFR Flight Plans
National Security
Emergency Location Transmitters (ELT)
Transponder Requirements
Fuel requirements
Alcohol
Seat Requirements
Use of Oxygen
Oxygen Equipment and Supply
Unpressurized Aircraft
Pressurized Aircraft
Aircraft Equipment Requirements
CAR 605.14 Power-driven Aircraft - Day VFR
CAR 605.15 Power-driven Aircraft - VFR OTT
CAR 605.16 Power-driven Aircraft - Night VFR
Night VFR Requirements for Commercial Operations 85
Legal Fligh
Operational and Emergency Equipment Requirements
Flight over Water
Aircraft Icing
Minimum Altitude
Speed Limits
Rules of the Air
Air Taxi Operations
Application
Distribution of Company Operations Manual
Standard Operating Procedures
Operational Flight Plan
Transport of Passengers in Single-engine Aircraft
Operations over water
Number of Passengers in Single-engine Aircraft
Carriage of External Loads
VFR Flight Obstacle Clearance Requirement
Minimum VFR Flight Visibility in Uncontrolled Airspace
VFR Flight Weather Conditions
VFR OTT Flight
Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace
Passenger and Cabin Safety Procedures (CAR 723.38)
Weight and Balance Control
Aircraft Equipment Requirements (CARs 703.64 & 69)
Flight Crewmember Qualifications (CAR 703.88)
Qualifications Validity Period
Air Taxi Pilot Proficiency Check (PPC)
Commuter Operations.
Application
Distribution of Company Operations Manual
Standard Operating Procedures
Information System
Operational Flight Plan
Flight Authorization
Checklist
VFR Flight Obstacle Clearance Requirement
VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility—Uncontrolled Airspace
VFR Flight Weather Conditions
VFR OTT Flight
Passenger and Cabin Safety Procedures (CAR 724.33)
Weight and Balance Control
Take-off Weight Limitations
En route Limitations with One Engine Inoperative (CAR 704.48)
Aircraft Equipment Requirements (CAR 704.62)
Protective Breathing Equipment
Hand-Held Fire Extinguisher
Minimum Crew (CAR 704.106)
Flight Crewmember Qualifications (CAR 704.108)
Qualifications Validity Period
Commuter Operations Pilot Proficiency Check (PPC)
Briefing of Passengers (Air Taxi and Commuter Operations)
Maximum Duty and Flight Times
Maximum Flight Time (CAR 700.15)
Flight Duty Time Limitations and Rest Periods (CAR 700.16)
QUESTIONS
Answers
FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Flight Information Services
En route Communication
Pressure and Density Altitude
Weight and Balance
Weight and Balance Requirements
Weight and Balance Procedure
Cessna 441 Weight and Balance
Weight, Balance and Performance
Shifting Weight
Mean Aerodynamic Chord
Landing Considerations
Approach Speed for Predicted Weight
Landing Rules of Thumb
Crosswind Landing Limitations
Landing Errors
Landing Illusions
Approach Slope Lights
Wake Turbulence
Wake Turbulence Guidelines
Jet Blast Hazard
Hydroplaning
Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI)
NOTAMs
Mid-air Collisions
Bird Strikes
Flight over Water
Winter Flight Operations
Clean Aircraft Concept
Aerodynamic Effects of Airborne Icing
Cold-soaking Phenomenon
De-icing and Anti-icing Fluids
Roll Upset
Tail Plane Stall
Whiteout
Marshalling Signals
Mountain Flying
Aviation Fuel Handling
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Medical Factors
Hypoxia
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Decompression Sickness
Vertigo
Alcohol and Drugs
Anaesthetics
Blood Donation
Performance Graphs
Table 1—Accelerate-Stop Distances
Table 2—Cruise Power Settings—65% Power
Table 3—Normal Takeoff Distance—Flaps 20°
Table 4—Takeoff Distance—Flaps 8°
Table 5—Time, Fuel, and Distance to Climb
QUESTIONS
Answers
Solutions
HUMAN FACTORS AND PILOT DECISION-MAKING
Tenerife
The Pilot Decision-making Process
Situation
Options
Choose
Act
Evaluate
Loss of Situational Awareness
Stress
Hazardous Attitudes
Human Factors and Pilot Error
Accident Rates
Exposure to Accident Risk
The Accident Pilot Profile
Experience and Greatest Accident Risk
Use of Checklists
Disorientation—178 Seconds
Hypoxia
Empty-Field Myopia
Landing Errors
Crew Resource Management
Synergy
Crew Co-ordination
Targets
Excessive Professional Courtesy
Safety Window
Ambiguity
Establishing Situational Awareness
Clues to the Loss of Situational Awareness
Professional Crew Resource Management Guidelines
Principles of Good Crew Resource Management
Pilot-in-command Characteristics
Letter of Complaint
Case Study: Pacific Southwest Airlines Boeing 727 (PSA 182), and Cessna 172, Lindbergh Field, San Diego, September 25, 1978
Case Study: Eastern Air Lines Lockheed L-1011 (Eastern 401), Miami International Airport, December 29, 1972
Case Study: United Airlines DC-8 (United 173), Portland International Airport, December 28, 1978
Case Study: Air Florida Boeing 737-200 (Palm 90), Washington National Airport, January 13, 1982
QUESTIONS
Answers
METEOROLOGY
The Troposphere
Air Masses
Canadian Air Masses
Continental Arctic (cA)
Maritime Arctic (mA)
Maritime Polar (mP)
Maritime Tropical (mT)
Continental Tropical (cT)
Air Mass Fronts
Air Mass Jet Streams
Standard Atmosphere
Clouds
Cloud Classification
Vertical development of cloud
Sky Opacity
Pressure
Coriolis Force
Local Phenomenon Winds
Humidity
Heating
Cooling
Stability
Fronts
Frontal Depression
The Warm Front
The Cold Front
Frontal Winds and Pressure
Other Fronts and Associated Weather
Stationary Front
Occluded Fronts
Upper Fronts
Trowals
Freezing Rain Risk
Clouds and Precipitation of Active Weather
Fog
Thunderstorms
Cumulus Stage
Mature Stage
Dissipation Stage
Thunderstorm Classifications
Frontal Thunderstorms
Squall Line Thunderstorms
Thunderstorm Hazards
Turbulence
Hail
Icing
Altimetry
Lightning
Thunderstorm Flight Procedures
Thunderstorm Wind Shear
Icing
Super-cooled Water Droplet
Icing rules of thumb
QUESTIONS
Answers
WEATHER INFORMATION
Aviation Weather Reports (METAR)
Type of Report
Station identification
Date and Time of Issue
Wind
Prevailing Visibility. 236
Runway Visual Range
Present Weather
Sky Opacity
Temperature, Dew Point, Altimeter Setting Pressure
Wind Shear
Remarks
Special Weather Reports (SPECI)
AWOS
Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF). 240
Change Groups: From, Becoming, Temporary, and Probability
Upper Winds (FD)
Other Reports
Weather Charts
Surface Analysis Charts
Upper Level Analysis Charts
Prognostic Charts
General GFA Format
GFA Abbreviations
GFA Weather Information—CLDS & WX GFA
Clouds
Weather and Visibility
Winds and Pressure
Dynamic Systems
GFA Weather Information— ICG/TURBC/FRLVL
Icing
Turbulence
Freezing Level Isotherms
GFA Amendments and Corrections. 264
Runway Visual Range
Airborne Weather Radar
Lightning Detectors
QUESTIONS
Answers
NAVIGATION
Terms and Concepts
Magnetic Compass
VFR Navigation Charts
Currency
Highest Elevation Points
Airspace and the VNC
FSS Communication
The WAC Chart
IFR Charts
Communication
Scale
Airspace
MOCA and MEA
Minimum Reception Altitude
Radio Aids, Distance and Course Data
Navigation and Communication Data Boxes
Airport Data
Changeover Points
Course Correction Method
Double Track Method
Opening-Closing Angle Method
“One-in-Sixty” Rule
ADF, VOR, and GPS Navigation Procedures
Homing and Tracking
Orientation—Paralleling the Track
Navigation Formula
Relative Bearing
Time and Distance to Station
Finding the Sun’s True Bearing
The Short-cut
QUESTIONS
Answers
RADIO NAVIGATION
Radio Concepts and Terms
VOR
RMI Display
ADF
Bearing Indicators and RMI
ILS
DME
Area Navigation Systems
INS
RNAV
LORAN-C
GNSS
RAIM
Radar
Primary and Secondary
En Route and Terminal Control System
Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
Airport Surface Radar
Navigation Equipment Interference
QUESTIONS
Answers
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
Pitot-static Instruments
Airspeed Indicator
Altimeter
Vertical Speed Indicator
Malfunction of the Pitot-Static System
Gyro Instruments
Slip and Skid Indications
Turns and Turn Indications
Instrument Scanning
Control and Performance Instruments
Selective Radial Scan
Magnetic Compass
QUESTIONS
Answers